European trade Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

European trade - Essay Example mber states (Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom)’. In the near future more states are going to be added to the above list. The decision on the requirements related with the entrance of a new country in the Union is taken within the Union in a relevant meeting of the representatives of the member states. It is this ‘body’ that also decides for the policies followed in all sectors of European Union including the commerce. It should be noticed though that specific criteria should be used for the above decision otherwise the relevant decision can be doubted from the interested parties (potential members of the Union) as of its validity and credibility. On the other hand, in a relevant report published in Social Education (2002, 1) it is noticed that â€Å"the EU has a unique structure; it was created by and is composed of sovereign countries; but it is more than an international organization; it has common institutions similar to those of a national government in that they can enact and implement laws throughout EU territory; these institutions also formulate Europes `common policies, for example in trade, agriculture, transport and the environment, which are paid for by the EUs own budget’. In accordance with the above, European Union has a particular character which is related with the characteristics of the member states. It is for this reason that any decision taken in the context of the community has to be verified by the appropriate ‘body’ in accordance with the nature of issue under examination. The use of treaties for the creation of standard practices in the community is a common practice among the me mber states. Regarding this issue, it is stated by Savage (2001, 46) that ‘treaties and other forms of budgetary agreements create

Revolution of 1912 in China Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Revolution of 1912 in China - Research Paper Example Much of the pandemonium and chaos resulted due to ineffective and failed attempted of the Qing Dynasty to modernize China in terms of female participation in politics and fulfilling the requirements of the Railway Protection Movement which concerned those Chinese people who were against the decision of the Qing government to nationalize railway development projects and transfer their control to foreign banks. Also, the decision made by the Qing government to mobilize imperial troops in an effort to oppress the people who were behind the Railway Protection Movement and the Movement for females political participation finally culminated in overthrowing the imperial rule, backfired on the Qing Dynasty itself because this action stimulated many other revolutionaries too who went ahead with their aim and never looked back (Reynolds 164). This much is clear from the historical accounts that the 1912 Chinese Revolution began as a consequence of a large number of internal systematic disorders which rapidly got out of hand due to which a great number of revolutionaries got murdered by the imperial troops but still a great many other revolutionaries went on to ensure the death of the imperial ruling system. Actually, the revolutionaries were of this mental approach that the imperial government was doing nothing potent or significant to modernize China in accordance with the international standards rather it was keeping China from progressing rapidly into a powerful economy giant on the world map. It was with this intention of modernizing China that the revolutionaries became fearless to openly oppose the Qing government and stand up against various atrocities committed by the imperial troops with the result that 1912 became the birth year of the Republican era. The Qing government headed by the last imperial ruler Puyi m obilized imperial troops against revolutionaries because people in large number in different states began disregarding Puyi and

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry

Characteristics of the Clothing Industry The high quality fashion market is based on modern technology which has a relatively well paid labour force and designers with various degrees of flexibility. Many firms within this industry try to capture the market through various designs which is targeted at meeting the taste and preference of consumers. Most of the firms under the high quality fashion markets are in the developed and industrialized countries. The mass production low-quality/standard products markets are found in the developing countries. These categories are basically involved in the production of uniforms, under wears, t-shirts and many more. They are found in exporting zones working with major importers if the industrialized countries. Outsourcing in this market is basically to household productions, (Nordas, 2004). The Clothing industries operate under free import quotas. This means that both clothing and textile industries do not have to pay import tariffs when importing raw materials connected to clothing and textiles. These tariffs are made possible by the World Trade Organisation, to improve the importation of varied clothing among producing countries. As a result of the protectionism, many developing countries producing clothing were able to survive the industry. This however did not go well with the developed countries since there were great competition between the developing countries like China and the developed countries. On the part of employment, the industry has engaged the services of millions of people worldwide and also with other individuals who are not registered but work in their homes and factories. The industry was the first to trade on a global dimension, simply because of the low barriers in entering the production of clothing. The industry is governed by the international labour laws, employing the most sensitive part of the labour force with females and ethnic minority as the leading employees. Most of the employees are immigrants. The European community, and the US and UK also have blacks as the major employees of the industry. Most of the producing countries in the developing world have females as the majority of employees in the industry. As indicated above, the total labour force of the clothing industry is made up of 80% of women. This is largely due to the fact that women are immobile and therefore are able to take care of domestic chores. A greater number of the female workforce is also unskilled or semi-skilled. In the developing countries, many of the workers spend up to 12-14 hours per day and are paid with very low wages, THE PRODUCTION CIRCUIT The clothing industry is part of a large circuit which involves the production of textiles. The industry is more fragmented organisationally and less technological in nature. The industry outsource most of it components and products. The garment industry therefore produces to unpredicted consumer markets. The industry serves as a distribution point for all garments. Through retailer efforts, the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s geography has been shaped accordingly. The industry is also known as a buyer driven industry, in the sense that they purchase most of the raw materials from producing countries worldwide. There are six stages that individual producing countries have passed through, that is from the embryonic stage to the maturity and decline stage of the development process of the clothing industry. This can be seen in (Figure 1 below). The stages indicate how raw materials flow within the industry, from the fabric production stage, design, preparation, production, distribution and consumption stage. In the reverse state is the information flow from customer orders down to the fabric production stage. There is no much technological change since inception of the clothing industry. The majority still uses the manual operations due to the complex nature of the production process. The clothing industry can be related to a supply chain function, where activities flow from raw materials to textile designs, apparel plants through distribution centers and other retail stores to consumers. The chain is seen as an integrated network of marketing from production stage to the finish product to consumers. The various activities are located where each can be able to make a contribution to the value of the finished product. The various variables considered in the industry include quality, cost, reliability, access to quality inputs and transportation cost. From the figure 2 above, the black lines represents the flow of goods whereas the white lines represent the flow of information. The arrows indicate Demand-Pull System, where the design of a product is made from customer orders, (Nordas, 2004). The supply chain indicates the interplay of several companies, where logistics and other services are coordinated. In the industrialized countries, most companies engage the ser vices of consultants or independent service providers in the provision of logistics. PRODUCTION COST AND TECHNOLOGY The clothing industry is characterized by low intensity of capital and high intensity of labour. The plant size is very small with simple technology. Figure 4 represent percentage of leading exporters of Clothing worldwide. The figure compares percentage of 2000 and 2011. Asia dominates the clothing industry in-terms of exports with over 50% of world market. China has doubled their share within 11years of operation, with approx. 37% of the total exports worldwide. Closely followed is the European Union and Euro extra with a combined total of 35% of world export share, which I a combination of intra regional exports. Figure 5 represents share in value for exporters for 2011. China leads with 38% representing 154 billion Dollars in 2011, (www.wto.org) European union closely follows with 36% of Share in value representing 144billion US Dollars including intra regional trade. Bangladesh also did better in 2011 with a share in value of 5%, representing an amount of 20billion US Dollars, www.wto.org). LEADING IMPORTERS ( SHARE IN VALUE AND PERCENTAGE) The EU is the leading importer of clothing worldwide, with combined percentage of 67.2% of total imports. The EU imports much of its clothing from China. Available records indicates that EU imports about 39% if Clothing from China, 14% from Turkey, 7.7% from India, 6.3% from Bangladesh and 3.6% from Tunisia, ( www.ec.europa.eu). It is also evidenced that China exports clothing more than imports. Whereas China leads in exporting clothing, in-terms of imports, they only imports about 0.90% of world clothing. The US is the second largest importer of clothing as evidenced on figure 4 above. The US imports about 20.5% of clothing in the country, followed by Japan with 7.6%. The remaining countries imports less than 3% worldwide respectively, (WTO 2011 chart II.69) The share in value for the leading importer of clothing (EU) is 60%, representing an amount of 290Billion Dollars. The EU is therefore the largest importer of clothing worldwide. The US is the second largest importer of clothing with about 18% share in value, representing 89 Billion US Dollars TOP TEN SUPPLIERS The clothing industry has about ten major suppliers. China plays a leading role with about 29.45million Euros in 2011 as compared to 2007 where it made a supply of approximately 21.9million Euros. Bangladesh also improved in their supply in 2011 with 7.5million Euros as compared with 2007 with a supply of 4.4million Euros. India also had a slight increase in supply for 2011 with approximately 4.5million Euros as compared to 2007 where the supply was approx. 3.8million Euros. However, Turkey had a decline in supply in 2011 with an amount of 8.2million Euros as compared with 2007 with approx. 8.9million Euros. Other countries like Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Pakistan and Vietnam had their supply below 2million Euros as evidenced on figure 2. Top 10 suppliers in clothing (million Euros) Basic characteristics of the industry (share in value added and employment, structure and  characteristics of the production process) The role of trade policy (multilateral tariffs and quotas, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“grey area protectionism, trade conflicts, preferential trade, etc.) Trade policies are rules and regulations governing the operations of international trade among countries worldwide. Trade policies play a major role in the industrialization of the clothing and textiles market. Regarding market access, trade policies TEXTILES AND CLOTHING AGREEMENT The textiles and clothing industry has long history in-terms of agreement for protection in trade across the US and Europe. Voluntary export restraints were agreed upon by China, Japan, Hong Kong, and India to enable them export cotton products to the US in the 1950s. The General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs were incorporated in the agreement with the Long Term Agreement (LTA) on Cotton. This agreement was later replaced by the Multi-Fibre Agreement in 1974, (Nordas, 2004). The main purpose of the MFA was to open up the restricted markets so to limit the disruptions of markets. The MFA was also extended to cover all man-made fibres in-terms of restrictions. However, according to Nordas 2004, the MFA violated the multilateral system principles as follows: The most favoured principle was not adhered to Instead applying tariffs, it rather applied quantitative restrictions Developing countries were discriminated against It was not also very transparent for easy understanding By 1st January, 2005, the Textiles and Clothing were fully integrated in GATT which also gave way for quotas to be fully integrated making it easy for member countries to trade without trade barriers. In the views of Nordas, the eliminating quotas lead to welfare economic gains of about 42% of the Uruguay round liberation, and about 65% for dynamic models. In her view, Nordas indicated that much of the Welfare gains went to the importing countries where as the exporting countries made welfare loss through the static version of the model and welfare gain through the dynamic model. A tripartite committee report on promoting fair globalization in textiles and clothing indicates that phasing out quotas will benefit China, being the leader in exporting of clothing in the industry, where as the importing countries will lose market share, (www.ilo.org) . The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) ended in 2004, which led to an increase in competition in the clothing market. Some countries were affected as a result of the new entrants of the Asian countries like Vietnam and Cambodia, and other competitors like India and Bangladesh which are traditional exporters. This led to a decline in the importation of clothing from the affected countries by the US at an annual rate of 13.4%. With the implementation of Preferential Trade Agreements (PTAs) which were imposed by the US and EU on the importation of textiles and clothing from China, inroads were created for some developing countries to experience marginal growth in their exports. The PTAs also made it possible for small countries like Madagascar and Haiti to increase their exports by 26% and 15% respectively, (www.ito.org). THE FREE TRADE AGREEMENT The US Free Trade Agreements has given the textiles and apparel industry the opportunity to enter in the world market and compete freely. The agreement enables the reduction of tariffs rates and improves the intellectual property rules and regulations, (Web.ita.doc.gov). The US has therefore signed agreements with the following countries and Institutions on textile and clothing industry. Notable among them are; Australia, Bahrain, CAFTA-DR, Chile, Colombia, Israel, Korea, Morocco, NAFTA, Oman, Panama, Peru and Singapore, (www.otexa.ita.doc). These agreements assist foreign governments to ensure that non-discriminating laws and regulations are enforced to streamline trade relations between the US and member countries, (www.otexa.ita.doc). The FTA provides that transparent measures be put in place for effective rules to be enforced. The FTA also ensures that all non-tariff barriers are removed completely, which opens the markets of the member countries to the US products. Under this ag reement, all goods that qualify are said to be duty free the US markets.

Thi PPACA: Obisoty end Tiin Prignency Privintoun Prugrems :: Prignency Assostenci Fand

Carrint stetostocs ondoceti thet on thi Unotid Stetis 4 uat uf 10 gorls woll bicumi prignent et liest unci bifuri thi egi uf 20 (Herros & Allguud, 2009, p.1314). Thos pupaletoun uf muthirs os muri lokily tu drupuat thin uthir eduliscints on thior egi gruap (Herros & Allguud, 2009, p.1314). In fect, muri then 60% uf tiins whu govi borth bifuri thi egi uf 18 woll drup uat uf hogh schuul, pattong thim et e grietir rosk uf biong ompuviroshid letir on lofi (Herros & Allguud, 2009, p.1314). Addotounelly, thi choldrin uf eduliscint muthirs eri muri lokily tu hevi cumplocetid dilovirois thet cen lied tu chrunoc midocel end divilupmintel prublims (Herros & Allguud, 2009, p.1315). Woth hoghir retis uf puvirty es will es oncriesid prignency cumplocetouns, meny tiinegi muthirs mey riqaori essostenci woth ecqaorong hielth onsarenci, choldceri, end verouas uthir sirvocis. Woth thi pessong uf thi ACA, thi Dipertmint uf Hielth end Hamen Sirvocis on e pertnirshop woth thi Sicritery uf Edacetoun istebloshid e Prignency Assostenci Fand thet dostrobatis $25 molloun ennaelly fur thi foscel yiers 2010-2019 (Buunstre, 2010, p.11). In en ettimpt tu meki ot iesy fur ixpictent muthirs tu bi ebli tu cerry thior prignencois tu tirm, thos grent prugrem pruvodis stetis woth fands, tu bi asid et thior doscritoun, fur fuar spicofoid gruaps uf ectovotois (Buunstre, 2010, p.11). Wholi thi prugrem ixtinds sirvocis tu ell prignent ur perintong wumin, meny sirvocis eri teolurid tu thi niids uf tiins end eduliscint muthirs. Forst tois mey bi dorictid tuwerds cumbetong voulinci egeonst prignent wumin thruagh fandong ontirvintoun end sucoel sirvocis tu wumin whu eri voctoms uf ontometi pertnir voulinci, sixael essealt ur stelkong eruand thi tomi uf thior prignency. (Buunstre, 2010, p.12). Sicundly, thi fands mey asid tu omplimint ectovotois fur tiinegirs thruagh hogh schuul en d cummanoty cintir prugrems (Buunstre, 2010, p.11). Thordly, muniy mey bi dostrobatid tu onstotatouns uf hoghir idacetoun tu essost stadints on eccissong hielth ceri, choldceri end e veroity uf uthir sirvocis (Buunstre, 2010, p.11). Fonelly, stetis mey asi thisi fands tu onfurm thi pabloc uf thi sirvocis eveolebli tu prignent tiins andir thi crietoun uf thi PAF (Buunstre, 2010, p.12). Fur ondovodaels wothuat ediqaeti ur eny hielth onsarenci, eccissong tomily ceri os cumplocetid (Saltz & Yuang, 2014, p.298). Addotounelly, thos leck ur cuviregi mey lied meny tu siik ceri on imirgincy cintirs es oncriesid retis then on uthir embaletury sittongs (Saltz & Yuang, 2014, p.

Productivity Quality Profitability in research

Operations Research (O. R. ) has been termed The Science of Better. The term Operations Research (OR) describes the discipline that is focused on the application of information technology for informed decision-making. In other words, OR represents the study of optimal resource allocation A problem in the real world is modeled, usually in mathematical terms, then mathematical techniques, together with data analysis and computational algorithms, are applied, in order to find ways to do the job better. The word Operations derives from the many successful applications of O.R. To military operations in the sass. But, since then, most O. R. Applications have been to peaceful activities, especially to business management, of which planning industrial production, and scheduling airlines, and other transportation, have been prominent. The name Management Science denotes the same discipline, with some emphasis on business management. Practitioners of Operations Management will find many of the se techniques relevant. The areas of Logistics, Supply Chain Management, Decision Sciences, and Manufacturing Management deal with similar applications.The goal of OR is to provide rational bases for decision making by seeking to understand and structure employ situations, and to utilize this understanding to predict system behavior and improve system performance. Much of the actual work is conducted by using analytical and numerical techniques to develop and manipulate mathematical models of organizational systems that are composed of people, machines, and procedures. OR's role in both, the public and the private sectors is increasing rapidly.In general, OR addresses a wide variety of issues in transportation, inventory planning, production planning, communication operations, computer operations, financial assets, risk management, revenue management, and any other fields where improving business productivity is paramount. In the public sector, OR studies may focus on energy policy, defense, health care, water resource planning, design and operation of urban emergency systems, or criminal justice. To reiterate, OR reflects an analytical method of problem solving and decision-making that is useful in the management of organizations.In OR, problems are (1 ) decomposed into basic components and (2) solved via mathematical analysis. Some of the analytical methods used in OR include mathematical logic, simulation, network analysis, queuing theory, and game theory. The actual OR process can in general be described via three steps. (1) A set of potential solutions to a problem is identified and developed (the set may be rather large). (2) The alternatives derived in the first step are analyzed, and reduced to a smaller set of solutions (the solutions have to be feasible and workable). 3) The alternatives derived in the second step are subjected to simulated implementation and, if feasible, exposed to an actual analysis in a real-world environment. It has to be pointe d out that in the final step, psychology and management sciences often play a rather important role. Generally speaking OR improves the effectiveness and the efficiency of an institute the term operations in OR may Suggests that the manufacturing application Category represents the Original home of OR. That is not quite accurate, as the name originated from military operations, not business operations.Nevertheless, it is a true statement that OR's successes in contemporary business pervade manufacturing and service operations, logistics, distribution, transportation, and telecommunication. The myriad applications include scheduling, routing, workflow improvements, elimination of bottlenecks, inventory control, business process re- engineering, site selection, or facility and general operational planning. Revenue and supply chain management reflect two growing applications that are distinguished by their use of several OR methods to cover several functions.Revenue management entails first to accurately forecasting the demand, and secondly to adjust the price Structure over time to more profitably allocate fixed capacity. Supply chain decisions describe the who, what, when, and where abstractions from purchasing and transporting raw materials and parts, through manufacturing actual products and goods, and anally distributing and delivering the items to the customers. The prime management goal here may be to reduce overall cost while processing customer orders more efficiently than before.The power of utilizing OR methods allows examining this rather complex and convoluted chain in a comprehensive manner, and to search among a vast number of combinations for the resource optimization and allocation strategy that seem most effective, and hence beneficial to the operation. Businesses and organizations frequently face challenging operational problems whose SUCCessfUl solution requires certain expertise in applied autistic, optimization, stochastic modeling, or a com bination of these areas.To illustrate, a company may need to design a sampling plan in order to meet specific quality control objectives. In a manufacturing environment, operations that compete for the same resources must be scheduled in a way that deadlines are not violated. The manager of a supermarket must determine how many checkout lines to keep open at various times during the day and evening so that shoppers are not unnecessarily delayed.The area of operations research that concentrates on real-world operational problems is called production systems. Production systems problems may arise in settings that include, but are not limited to, manufacturing, telecommunications, health-care delivery, facility location and layout, and staffing. The area of production systems presents special challenges for operations researchers. Production problems are operations research problems, hence solving them requires a solid foundation in operations research fundamentals.Additionally, the so lution of production systems problems frequently draws on expertise in more than one of the primary areas of operations research, implying that the successful production researcher cannot be One-dimensional. Furthermore, production systems problems cannot be solved without an in- depth understanding of the real problem, since invoking assumptions that simplify the mathematical structure of the problem may lead to an elegant solution for the wrong problem.Common sense and practical insight are common attributes of successful production planners. At the current time, the field of OR is extremely dynamic and ever evolving. To name a few of the contemporary (primary) research projects, current work in OR seeks to develop software for material flow analysis and design of flexible manufacturing facilities using pattern recognition and graph theory algorithms. Further, approaches for the design of re-configurable manufacturing systems and progressive automation of discrete manufacturing sy stems are under development.Additional OR projects focus on the industrial deployment of computer-based methods for assembly line balancing, business process reengineering, capacity planning, pull scheduling, and setup reduction, primarily through the integration of the philosophies of the Theory of Constraints and Lean Manufacturing. Quality in Research Companies need to compete both by bringing new products to the market and by improving existing products and processes. These two aspects constitute the rationale underlying this master's programmed.However, in addition to the factors discussed, we think that there should also be additional focus on the quality of operations research and the dissemination process of findings from such research. This has tremendous implications for the importance of operations research technology transfer to the national level. Broadly defined, this field deals with the efficient design and operation of systems, usually seeking to determine an optima l or effective utilization and allocation of scarce resources.The tools of OR lie in the mathematical doodling and analysis of physical or economic systems, and its scope of application arises in varied walks of life, in the areas of business, industry, government, and national defense. As stiffer competition and lower resilience to business shock make companies and industries walk a tight line that separates success from failure, the emphasis of this field on both long-term (strategic) and short-term (tactical) efficiency and cost effectiveness are increasingly promoting its use in widely diverse areas.Although the importance of quality in research might seem obvious, we have found that quality and methodological rigor are often lacking. To identify proven strategies aimed at improving routine immunization services in developing countries, we recently conducted a literature review assessing both results and methodological rigor. The lack of quality and rigor for most studies and th e overall paucity of well-conducted published studies was striking, especially in light of the longstanding Expanded Programmed on Immunization (PEP) and the widely recognized importance and cost- effectiveness.Also some of the broader issues, innovations and implications across a spectrum of disciplines which co-inhabit the same ecosystem. The history has been presented as the paradigm of detonation management, defined as the use of technological, quantitative methods, and decision making techniques in order to make business decisions based on data and analyses rather than solely on intuition. The history of this paradigm has been presented as a series of periods, each of which have unique characteristics, whilst simultaneously being part of an overall evolution.Using the themes that are particularly prevalent in the analytics period, examples of possible research directions for the OR community have also been presented. Above all the analysis demonstrates that OR does not exist en tirely in isolation; the community must embrace and engage with the wider concerns of the ecosystem and paradigm or risk declining into obscurity. With other academic and practitioner communities engaging with analytics and increasing research in these areas, OR is in danger of being left behind.Whilst arguments may be made that such research directions risk diluting the OR ‘brand', the original conception of the discipline was to use the most relevant methods available to solve business problems, a tradition such research falls firmly within. Many businesses are currently uncertain of how the economic recession will affect demand for their services and products. For global permeate Norse Kooks, this IS a familiar situation. Over the past decade, the company has experienced declining demand for its products as electronic media have replaced newsprint publications.As it struggles to survive, the company has been forced to make some difficult decisions, including closing paper p roduction lines and entire mills. As decision makers become more involved in implementing Total Quality Management, questions are raised about which management practices would be emphasized. In this exploratory investigation of the relationship of specific quality management practices to quality performance, a framework Was constructed.It focuses on both core quality management practices and on the infrastructure that creates an environment supportive of their use. In addition, it incorporates two measures of quality performance and their role in establishing and sustaining a competitive advantage. Path analysis was used to the management, with multiple regression analysis determining the path coefficients, which were decomposed into their various effects. Weak linkages were eliminated.The trimmed model indicated that perceived quality market outcomes were primarily related to statistical control/feedback and the product design process, while the internal measure of percent that pas sed final inspection without requiring rework was strongly related to process flow management and to statistical control/feedback, to a lesser extent. Both measures of quality performance were related to competitive advantage. Important infrastructure components included top management support and workforce management.Supplier relationships and work attitudes were also related to some of the core quality practices and quality performance measures. The driving idea behind OR is to collaborate with clients to design and improve operations, make better decisions, solve problems, and advance managerial functions including policy formulation, planning, forecasting, and performance measurement. The goal of OR is to develop information to provide valuable insight and guidance.By utilizing OR methods, the objective is to apply to any given project the most appropriate scientific techniques selected from mathematics, any of the sciences including the social and management sciences, and any b ranch of engineering, respectively. The work normally entails collecting and analyzing data, creating and testing mathematical models, proposing approaches not previously considered, interpreting information, making recommendations, and aiding at implementing the initiatives that result from the study.Moreover, utilizing OR methods allow to develop and implement software, systems, services, and products related to a client's methods and applications. The systems may include strategic decision-support systems, which play a vital role in many organizations today. Profitability in Research profitability is a prime concern in all organizations. Operations management uses various tools and strategies to try and improve if not maximize profitability. Operations management, which encompasses supply chain management and logistics, deals with how well some function is performed.This research analyzes the specific strategy of production mix efficiency and what mediating effect it has on the r elationship between operations management and financial profitability. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze the relationship between he three constructs. This research found that operations management alone does not have a positive impact on profitability. However, the strategy of production mix efficiency has a positive mediating effect on profit, which provides a potential answer to firms trying to increase profits through operations.Analyzing a strategy of operations management for the purposes of increasing profitability. The strategy of production mix efficiency looks at factors involved in the process of producing goods. Some variables here are the number of items each firm makes and the time and costs involved in ACH. The study is a logistical aspects of business. The purpose of this paper is to provide operation managers and firms with an in-depth understanding of what factors have a more direct impact on profitability.Operati ons management is concerned with all areas that affect the company on a daily basis. According to Jaggy (1992), one of the goals of operations management is to achieve profit minimization. In order to achieve this, there are various factors that can be utilized. A few of these strategies are production mix efficiency, product route efficiency, and resource commitment. This research analyses production mix efficiency. Counting (1996) describes a situation in which a management process that is not optimized will result in less than optimal results.Such results lead to solid and hazardous waste, as well as increasing operational costs. This forward supply chain issue creates a desire and need for a well-organized and robust reverse logistics System. Supply chain disruptions pose an increasingly significant risk to supply chains Synergy demands these forward and reverse systems be linked for effective communication and scheduling purposes. Typically, supply chains will consist f an inde pendent system for the reverse chain however, it will work hand in hand with the forward chain.Without such integration, Stock (1992) notes that several problems may arise because firms do not understand they can positively affect the environment through reduction and recycling of waste. Industries are in the habit of utilizing virgin materials rather than recycled ones. Lastly, there exists a perception that recycled materials are inferior to virgin ones. It is important with regard to profitability to make the most of the materials a firm has. This is achieved by using the materials the firm has to produce the optimal mix of products to achieve maximum profitability.

Rumor Paper

Finally, and most important of all, moors consist of information that is not validated, as actual news is (Diffusion 376). Rumors frequently begin with a hint of truth, but facts are not checked, sources are unreliable, and the truth gets lost as the rumor is spread. In this age of pop media, including television, radio, and internet, rumors spread at lightning speed and results are immediate. In 1969, a young writer named Fred Labor printed a rumor about Paul Ancestry's death. He became a bit famous because of the rumor and was asked to appear on a television show.His nerves got the best of him and he admitted to the television host that the Tory was completely fabricated. The host, F. Lee Bailey, replied, ‘†Well, we have an hour of television to do. You are going to have to go along with this† (Glenn 367). Pop media does not care if a rumor is valid, as long as it tells a good story and creates publicity. Gregory Rodriguez states in his article, â€Å"Truth is in the Ear of the Beholder' that â€Å"rumors and conspiracy theories can only thrive in the minds of people who are predisposed to believe them† (347).People tend to believe things that agree with a viewpoint, meet wants and needs, and follow particular beliefs and biases. Every rumor has a target audience and pop media has a way to reach each and every one of them. Robert Knapp says, in his article â€Å"A Psychology of Rumor,† there are three kinds of rumors. The â€Å"Wish Rumor† expresses the hopes of those who circulate it. The â€Å"Bogie Rumor† plays into a group's fears and anxieties. The â€Å"Wedge-driving Aggression Rumor† is motivated by hate and aggression and is usually successful at dividing a group.Knapp also lists characteristics of a good rumor, (1 ) most good rumors are short and simple, (2) in time a successful rumor becomes a good story, (3) the farther a rumor is removed room fact, the more twisted it becomes, (4) names, number s, and places cause instability in a rumor, (5) no matter where a rumor comes from, the rumor gains prestige when it is attributed to someone in authority, (6) rumors become an agreement to the culture of the groups circulating them, and (7) rumors must keep adapting themselves to current opinion and interest.Pop media can play a big role in helping to provide authority and prestige to a rumor, as well as keeping them in the public interest. The media, however, is less apt to cause distortion in a rumor than when it is passed from person to arson because more people hear the rumor in its original context at a given time. Sandra Salmons advises how extreme the results of a rumor can be in her article, â€Å"Fighting That Old Devil Rumor. † Proctor and Gamble, a very old and reputable company, was besieged by a rumor that their moon and stars logo was a mark of the devil and that the company condoned devil worship.The rumor received a great deal of publicity in papers and on te levision and became a major problem for Proctor and Gambler's consumer services department. The company set forth a massive public relations campaign, sing great financial resource, in order to dispel the rumor. Finally, after years of dealing with the rumor, Proctor and Gamble took legal recourse against those they had enough evidence against to take to court. To this day, the company still receives a few calls about the rumor.In this case though, the media was partially responsible for spreading the rumor, the company also sought media help in trying to dispel the rumor. Proctor and Gamble learned a difficult lesson that Gregory Rodriguez had mentioned in his article. Once a rumor has been established, it cannot always be destroyed by providing the Ruth. Another rumor that gained a great deal of notoriety in 1969 was the tale that Paul McCarty Was dead. McCarty Was a beloved icon of the time and a member of the legendary rock group the Beetles. Alan Glenn discusses the phenomena o f this rumor in his article, ‘†Paul is Dead! (said Fred). † He tells us that on October 12, 1969, a well-known Detroit disc jockey, named Russ Gibbs, got a phone call from a listener wanting to discuss the story that Paul McCarty had actually died three years earlier and had been replaced by a double. Supposedly, the Beetles had covered up Encasements death but revived clues on their albums. Thousands of listeners heard the discussion and one listener took the rumor to another level. Fred Labor, a writer for the Michigan Daily, printed an article with the news of Ancestry's death and clues that were evidence of the rumor.A second copy of the paper needed to be printed because so many people were drawn into the rumor that La Four is still credited with sending it out of control. He admitted, and still admits to this day, that he made up most of the clues. They were nothing more than fabrications spread, once again, by pop media of that time. This rumor was spread, l argely by the power of suggestion, to a young clue hungry audience who were part of the manic Beetles fantod. The McCarty rumor was discussed on television, in papers and magazines, and promoted on alternative radio.Like most rumors, this was short lived due to a complete debunking, however, it is still mentioned occasionally today. Another kind of rumor that is often spread by popular media is the political smear rumor. This kind of rumor generally falls into Nape's aforementioned â€Å"Wedge-driving Aggression Rumor. † According to Samuel G. Freedman, from his article, â€Å"In Untruths About Obama, Echoes of a Distant Time,† a political smear rumor is a crude attempt at fear mongering and character assassination† (369).This type of rumor has been used many times to misrepresent political candidates, especially during presidential elections. Anti-Catholic bigotry rumors were spread against Alfred E. Smith in 1 928, by mailing misleading pictures to thousands of influential people. Catholics were unable to win a presidential nomination, by any major party, until John F. Kennedy received the Democratic nomination in 1960. This political rumor achieved a great deal of success. More recently, there have been many hate rumors spread during both presidential campaigns of our current President, Barack Obama.The rumors have developed into hate campaigns that, to this day, attempt to portray the President as disloyal to his country and not a true American. Internet blobs, mass e-mails, Insight magazine, and Fox News have represented the President as Muslim and reputed his claim that he is a Christian. The media has also questioned Beam's citizenship by insisting that his birth certificate is not real and that he was not born to a U. S. Citizen. Though each of these claims have been contradicted by fact many times, the opposing campaigns remained diligent in using Town Hall Meetings and other media events to promote these rumors.It is not surprisin g that the first African American president would face the same kind of prejudice as those of the Catholic faith did years ago. It is surprising, however, how easy it is for unverified information to become accepted journalism fact with the help of pop media. Jeremy W. Peters discusses the dangers of an instantaneous news culture and the role popular media plays in the spreading of hearsay to an incredibly huge audience in his article, â€Å"A Lie Races Across Twitter Before the Truth Can Boot Up.He states that it only took two minutes for a young flogger, trying to make a name for himself, to release an unfounded rumor on Twitter that immediately became mainstream news. According to Peters, the flogger, Logan Smith, posted a report on Twitter stating that South Carolina Governor, Nikkei R. Haley, was facing indictment on tax fraud charges. There were reasons to doubt the charges and the flogger later admitted that he was not sure that his sources were correct. Neither did the flog ger bother to give the governors office a chance to comment. Instead, he posted the blob on Twitter as if it were fact.Smith later admitted, â€Å"l reported that credible sources said they believed the governor would be indicted – not that knew she would be indicted, or even whether or not I personally believed she would be indicted† (Peters 372). The post was immediately picked up by respected and widely read news sources. Ms. Halley office released a letter from the Internal Revenue Service proving the rumor to be false. The governor, however, felt her reputation had already been damaged. She also believed that this would not be the last time that unfounded rumors would be posted about her on line.It did not matter that the information was untrue ND unsubstantiated. In the media world of Twitter and Backbone, there is no need for validation because what the posters are seeking is notoriety. The rumor gains credibility when reputable news outlets mistakenly report it as fact. The rumor remains current because these internet media sites provide the opportunity to keep talking about it. It is ironic that social media, the fastest way to spread a rumor, established a means of debunking popular rumors, as well.In 1 995, Barbara and David Michelson, professional researchers and writers, established Snoops. Com, a website that has become one of the internet most valuable resources. Snoops. Com advertises as â€Å"the definitive Internet reference source for urban legends, folklore, myths, rumors, and misinformation. † One of the earliest rumors tackled by Snoops. Com was the story that Kentucky Fried Chicken had changed its name to KEF because they were no longer using real chicken, but instead had developed a genetically engineered bird that replaced the chicken.Supposedly this bird had no beak, no feathers, no feet, and fewer bones so that there is more meat. This rumor is declared to be one of the first to spread worldwide by e-mail. Snoops . Com, as well as Cuff's website, refuted his rumor using fact and finally, the rumor seemed to die down. Recently, however, the use of artificial hormones in animals and the growth of transgenic food crops has caused a resurgence of the rumor. Once again, as the rumor spreads through social media, Snoops. Com tries to dispel people's fears regarding the use of frankincense's by KEF by explaining the truth.Each of these articles discussing rumors is a reminder to be wary of what is heard and read in all types of pop media. They are reminders that much of the information reported on Twitter and Backbone is buzz-seeking unsubstantiated, and full of impropriety. They caution that because it is presented as breaking news in a magazine does not mean it is reputable journalism. These articles also show that one cannot always believe what is seen on television. Rumor can be full of misinformation and exaggeration, yet it is presented, in all forms of popular media, as fact. Pop media is mo re interested in gaining an audience than in providing the truth. People spread rumors everyday about things of interest to them. The newest and fastest way to spread rumors is by the use of popular media including television, radio, and the internet. Some rumors can be meant as a joke and provide entertainment. Others can be more dangerous, playing on fears and promoting hate and aggression. People process information according to their own needs, then accept it as fact or reject it.

President Obamas Higher Education Agenda

President Obamas Higher Education Agenda Higher education in the United States of America has been dwindling for the last few years. This may be the major reason as to why President Barack Obama has turned his focus on improving education sector. He has been reinstating that economy of the United States of America relies heavily on education.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on President Obama’s Higher Education Agenda specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His education goal of producing 8 million more graduates by 2020 is because America is currently experiencing shortage of skilled labor in the manufacturing sector which forms the basis for economic growth. Speaking at the University of Texas at Austin, he stated: â€Å"Education is an economic issue when nearly 8 of 10 new jobs will require workforce training or a higher education by the end of this decade† (Lee, 2010). He openly admitted that education standards in the United States of America have been declining over the past years. This has been proven by a drastic fall from position one to the current 12th position world wide over a short period of time. He remarked: â€Å"I want you to know we have been slipping. In a single generation, we’ve fallen from first place to 12th place in college graduation rates for young adults† (Lee, 2010). He, therefore, expressed his fears that countries with well streamlined education systems may become more prosperous than the United States of America. He claimed: â€Å"Education is an economic issue when we know beyond a shadow of doubt that countries that out-educate us today, they will out-compete us tomorrow† (Lee, 2010). However, President Obama’s goal of producing 8 million more college graduates by 2020 may not be achieved due to economic constrains. For instance, the current impact of inflation has led to negative effects on the U.S economy. This situation has been worsened by fluctuations of oil price s which have also affected global economic status. Unemployment of young adults in the United States of America has also added its impact on the economy of the United States of America. As a result, the U.S Government has reduced its educational funding. Consequently, inadequate educational funding has led to a very great shortage of learning resources in educational centers. Almost all the States of America are experiencing challenges in the education sector (Cramer Elliot III, 2012). Therefore, educational standards in the U.S have been compromised. Some States have made remarkable efforts to generate extra revenue for supplementing National educational funding through increase of taxes.Advertising Looking for essay on government? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, very few improvements have been achieved. The K-12 education has been adversely affected by the shortage of funds because it receives the least s hare of funds from the States’ budget allocations (Cramer Elliot III, 2012). It is, therefore, true to assert that the President’s brilliant educational objective will not be achieved unless educational funding is increased. Increase in educational funding remains a great challenge in virtually all States, thus this challenge has to be dealt with first. Though the President talked of designing effective strategies so as to ensure that students receive educational grants and loans, lack of enough learning resources in educational centers may impede developments in the education sector (Cramer Elliot III). President Obama’s Higher Education agenda may be made more difficult to be achieved by the current shortage of renewable energy resources. Nevertheless, President Obama believes that renewable energy sustainability holds the key to a stable economy (Lee, 2010). References Cramer, R. Elliot III, W. (2012). To Limit Debt, Promote Savings. Retrieved from insideh ighered.com/views/2012/02/10/essay-role-encouraging-savings-efforts-reduce-debt Lee, J. (2010, August 9) Re: President Obama on Higher Education in Austin: We Are Not Playing for Second Place [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/blog/2010/08/09/president-obama-higher-education-austin-we-are-not-playing-second-place

SPEAK NOT BUT SPEAK

SPEAK NOT BUT SPEAK Free Online Research Papers Watch the child speechless but speaking; Only a toddler of seven but speaking, The eyes shrunken, the face shrivelled, Doesn’t her silence speak, nor her quietness sleeping; Watch the turquoise sky shimmering in the heat’s shimmer With dark rolling, yet rumble less clouds hovering, Watch it from expense edge of an ocean, Or you sitting lonely on a pedestal, drunk or drunk less All speaking in silence, or is it silently speaking What about the speechless rosemary greening the garden, its memory recovery scent, as if scentless Sitting tiny on the middle of a prowling garden With the power to energise the body’s wireless nerves; Speaking in silence; Does the page you look at speak? Gibberish could be the language you read , Meaningful also it could be, yet it reaches the soul either ways Soul harrowing in its gibberishes or mindboggling in its juiciness What about me, faraway, whose poetry you read; Have I spoken to you, the poem ticking in its voice? Have they heard from me? They will in words Its tone unique, though tongue less; sweetness of it. Research Papers on SPEAK NOT BUT SPEAKQuebec and CanadaHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionMind TravelThe Spring and AutumnThe Fifth HorsemanAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayComparison: Letter from Birmingham and Crito19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraEffects of Television Violence on Children

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty

Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty Politicians and Humpty Dumpty By Maeve Maddox When I use a word, Humpty Dumpty said, in a rather scornful tone, it means just what I choose it to mean, neither more nor less. The question is, said Alice, whether you can make words mean so many different things. The question is, said Humpty Dumpty, which is to be master thats all. (Through the Looking-Glass Chapter Six) I was in Arkansas the year that then-governor Mike Huckabee refused to sign a tornado relief bill because he objected to the conventional term act of God: act of God uncontrollable natural force first recorded 1882. (Online Etymology Dictionary) On December 31, 2007. the Los Angeles Times reminded the nation of this incident in an article that has stirred up a lot of blog commentary. In order to mitigate fears that the Baptist presidential hopeful would permit his religious beliefs to interfere with decisions of state, Huckabee apologists have come to his defense. They argue that Huckabee merely wanted to change the terminology so that insurance companies would pay. According to a NY Times story dated March 21, 1997, however, Huckabee refused to sign the bill because doing so would violate his conscience: Mr. Huckabee said that signing the legislation would be violating my own conscience inasmuch as it described a destructive and deadly force as being an act of God. Mr. Huckabeesuggested that the phrase acts of God be changed to natural disasters. All language is metaphor. The word is not the thing. The map is not the territory. I am reading a book, livre, boek, Buch, biblio, libro, livro. A rose by any name Words are labels. They mean what we say they mean. Changing acts of God to natural disasters will not alter the fact that insurance companies dont want to pay for damages caused by tornadoes, hurricanes, or floods. When a word or expression becomes a shibboleth, people suffer. shibboleth 1382, the Heb. word shibboleth flood, stream, also ear of corn, in Judges xii:4-6. It was the password used by the Gileadites to distinguish their own men from fleeing Ephraimites, because Ephraimites could not pronounce the -sh- soundA similar test-word was cicera chick pease, used by the Italians to identify the French (who could not pronounce it correctly) during the massacre called the Sicilian Vespers (1282). (Online Etymology Dictionary) The consequence of the wrong pronunciation for both Ephraimites and French was death. TIP: Relieve the tedium of political coverage during the next ten months. Keep a notebook by your TV chair. Collect words and expressions. Record those that upset the candidates, and the words they all use, but which carry no specific meaning and can therefore mean anything they want them to. Remember Humpty Dumpty. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Expressions category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:The Royal Order of Adjectives What to Do When Words Appear Twice in a RowWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Career - Research Paper Example Below is a succinct depiction and description of this career. I. Nature of the Work II. Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement III. Work Environment IV. Job Expectations V. Job Outlook VI. Earnings VII. Advantages VIII. Disadvantages Nature of the Work Their core obligation is to protect lives and property. These police officers pursue individuals who break the law, apprehend them and give warnings or rather citations. The largest percentage of their time is spent on activities of keeping and maintaining records of the occurrences in their area of work. They also spend large proportions of their time writing reports on the occurrences in their area of work. They usually patrol areas under their jurisdiction and maintain peace, order and calm. They further investigate and examine incidences they encounter. Special agents are the category of detectives who investigate cases, gathering important evidence and compiling their findings. The routine obligations of police officers d iffer with the kind of specialty in which they concentrate on. It is dependent on whether they are police officers, game wardens or detectives and whether they work for federal, state or local agencies (Heilbrun and Greene 97). Police officers in uniforms have universal law enforcement obligations. Their work is to maintain order and respond to calls for service. They spend numerous hours of work doing consultations with the citizens and doing masses of paperwork. They are also involved in direction of traffic at the scene of a motor accident, give first aid to casualties and control traffic at the incidence of burglary. In huge police agencies, the police officers are assigned different tasks to carry out. They are ambassadors in the issue of community policing where they mobilize citizens to deal with crime and also help in law enforcement. This establishes a profound connection between the police officers and the citizens, easing their work. Police officers are familiar with thei r areas of jurisdiction and therefore patrol in pursuit of incidences that threaten the safety of citizens (Heilbrun and Greene 97). Many police agencies are vested with geographical jurisdiction and enforcement responsibilities. This includes public schools for police officers, college level, university level schools and transportation hubs. Police officers are trained to do different tasks as, finger print identification, firearms instruction, microscopic and chemical analyses and firearms instruction and training. Different units are available including: Bicycle, horseback, canine corps, motorcycle, special weapons and tactics and emergency/ weapons systems. A number of special police officers perform their work in correctional facilities and other special areas. Sheriff Officers work on county level and enforce law from there. They are designated into their positions through election. They enforce law and order in the county level. Additionally, Deputy Sheriffs have the same ran k as the senior police officers in the urban police departments. State police officers apprehend criminals statewide and also control the traffic and ensure that rules and regulations concerning traffic are observed (Heilbrun and Greene 97). Detectives are state plainclothes police officers who conduct investigations, generate reports and keep a record of the criminal activities in the state level. They specialize in either frauds or homicide. They work on assigned cases, arrest the

DYNAMIC AIRCRAFT Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

DYNAMIC AIRCRAFT - Assignment Example First and foremost, Mr. Marshall got the wire specifications that the engineering department demanded for. He did this while ensuring that the engineers did not see the move as a way to censure them from specifying only one source. The engineers indicated that they required a special wire that could withstand very high temperatures hence the reason for their choice of Advanced Wire as the most appropriate source. According to Mr. Marshall, it was paramount for the engineers to indicate which type of specification to the supply manager since it was a rule in the company. Expecting to receive the governing specifications from the engineers, Mr. Marshall got samples of Advanced Wire’s ceramic-coated wire as well as its price quotations. This confirmed his fears as the prices were relatively higher than the industry averages although the ceramic-coating indeed made it be more expensive. The specifications from the engineers were of military standard type but the performance requir ements did not particularly specify that the wire had to have ceramic-coating. With this in mind, Mr. Marshall invited quotations from other suppliers who could meet the performance requirements with emphasis put on their prices and whether their samples met the specifications needed. Some five more suppliers were interested in providing the wire. The other suppliers submitted their price quotations and samples to Mr. Marshall who forwarded the samples to the production development laboratory for evaluation and analysis. The laboratory submitted its findings a week later which primarily focused on the ability of the samples to withstand high temperatures for long periods of time; the fundamental specification required by the engineers. One of the samples failed to meet the stipulated performance specifications but the other five samples exceeded the minimum performance requirements. The Advanced Wire’s sample was in fact more superior to the other sample in regards to its abi lity to withstand extremely high temperatures. The tests done on the weight of the samples, which was another important metric, showed that the wire supplied by Advanced Wire was considerably heavier than the other samples. Moreover, the conductivity attributes of Advanced’s wire was also relatively inferior compared to the other wires which exceeded the minimum performance specifications and were therefore acceptable. Furthermore, the abrasiveness test revealed that the wire supplied by Advanced Wire was less durable than the other wires by the other companies despite it passing the minimum performance tests. Armed with all this information, Mr. Marshall had the belief that indeed the engineering department might have got it wrong by stating that Advanced Wore had the best wire in the market. A fact proven wrong by all the tests performed which showed that other companies had superior products which met the governing military specifications that the engineers needed. Althoug h the wire by Advanced Wire was the most superior in reference to the ability to withstand heat owing to its ceramic-coating, it still did not justify the higher price quoted by the company. Other suppliers also met the specifications submitted by the engineers with a considerably lower price offered. Easternhouse Electric Company had the lowest asking price for the wire with a difference of $20,346 between it and Advanced Wire’

My Prejudice Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

My Prejudice Experience - Essay Example I have come to the United States from Indonesia to study and make a name for myself. Sadly, I am stereotyped by most of my American friends as a studious Asian who goes abroad to study. I do agree that I have the same hard working and professional attitude that most Asians have, and the process of learning interests me a lot. At the same time, I also believe in living the life to the fullest and hence, enjoy attending parties, love to take a night off every now and then, and let myself loose and have a good time. Hence, I feel isolated when some of my friends leave me out when indulging in fun activities. as they misunderstand me as a person who does not love having fun. Many times it has happened that I was not asked out by my friends as either they considered me to be too religious because of me following Christianity faith, or they thought that I am concerned about nothing but my academic work. Sadly, this stereotyped thinking suffocates me as I am quite a fun loving person and my inherent personality is that of an extrovert. Fearing prejudiced treatment, when I first came to the United States and started attending my university, I made friends only with Asian people, thinking that Americans would be too snooty or would not show acceptance due to my nationality. I was under the impression that American people were a little difficult to be friends with, as a popular culture had made my thinking biased. For example, I stereotyped Americans to be racist or having a discriminatory attitude against people belonging to other countries. Furthermore, I was also under the impression that most Americans were not too fond of Asians due to the fact that they were academically smarter, and hence, had more potential in education and more opportunities in a career in the U.S., than the Americans themselves would have. This led me to cut myself off from anyone who was not an Asian and as a result, I wound up making very few friends. This prejudice that I had towards America n people soon changed when I began to let them enter in my life.  

What are the main differences between hypothetical and categorical Essay

What are the main differences between hypothetical and categorical imperatives - Essay Example In reference to Immanuel Kant’s work, both hypothetical and categorical imperatives have been immensely and clearly differentiated. To start with, hypothetical imperatives are considered as instructions which direct one to act in a certain manner or way so as to achieve a desired result. For instance, if one considers owning an expensive car, then he or she must search for a good paying job to contribute in coming up with the funds. In most instances, hypothetical imperatives apply to individuals who wish to achieve the results. On the other hand, categorical imperatives are instructions which direct individuals on what to do irrespective of one’s desires. In other words, they are referred to as commands since one is left with no option but to act accordingly, an example: Though shall not murder. The results are normally good and of upright morals. Kant (vi) claims that the moral law can only be expressed in the form of a categorical imperative due to the fact that it is imposed by the reason itself but not externally. He also states that the moral law applies universally and should therefore have standard ordering principle in which everyone is expected to observe. Kant is therefore right because, when the moral law is expressed in terms of comparative imperative then the society at large works harmoniously and each member acts as a law unto himself. This then becomes an ideal place for a morally upright community. Q 2: How does Kant explain the difference between perfect and imperfect duties According to Kant, would it be permissible to tell a lie if the lie might save someone's life Explain Kant's position on this and whether or not you agree. According to the ground work by Kant (103), he focuses on two types of duties which include perfect and imperfect. Kant looks at perfect duties as the actions which when evaluated according to the first maxim, they bring about innate contradictions. To state it in clear terms, they are actions that produce innate contradictions when they are reasonably applied as worldwide laws. For instance, murder would be considered as a perfect duty since if murder was to be applied as a world wide law it would eventually lead to an inherent contradiction. Since murder cannot be rationally applied as a universal law, it is therefore not permissible under the first maxim. On the other hand, imperfect duties involve various acts that when evaluated according to the first maxim or when they are reasonably applied as universal laws; they do not bring about any inherent contradictions (Kant 104). According to Kant, lying is considered as an imperfect duty since if it were applied as a universal law, it would not raise any inherent contradiction. Lying is therefore not allowed under the first maxim despite its application as a universal law. In reference to Kant, it would therefore not be permissible to tell a lie even if it would save someone's life. In my opinion, a lie which would save someone's life is necessary since one will have played a role in saving a life which is very critical. However, lying should not be used as a form of defense or for purposes of obtaining favor. Q 3: People in distress often make "false promises" in order to alleviate their situation. According to Kant, is such action in accordance with the moral law or not Paying particular attention to his understanding of the categorical imperative and what it prescribes, explain Kant's position on this. Do you agree with Kant Why or why not According to Kant, making of false promises so as to alleviate one's situation is not in accordance with the moral law since it rests on a maxim that can be comprehensibly universalized. The moral rules normally require telling the truth and keeping of promises, therefore making of false p

Input, Output and Storage Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Input, Output and Storage - Case Study Example In addition, the OS should make efficient management of resources for effective handling large volumes of data. Organizations cannot do without networks, which bring special software challenges. For instance, the OS on which servers run put varying load capacities on the memory. For optimal database functionality requiring many read/write processes, access and writing speeds weigh heavily in the decision for the OS. With regard to usability, Windows is arguably the easiest to use for many enterprise applications, particularly in comparison to Linux and Mac OS (FahAd, 2010). However, many malware threats plague the Windows system. Considering the necessity for flexibility, availability, cost of maintenance and upgrade, stability, performance, and backward compatibility, Ms Windows would be the most appropriate operating system for the organization. Linux unfamiliar for many users, and it numerous versions make its use more complicated. A printer can be installed in a number of ways. A local printer can be installed by simply plugging it into the computer, for instance through a USB port, which is called a local printer (Microsoft, 2012). Windows automatically detects an installs the printer which is then available for use. For network printers, the process is more complicated, usually requiring naming the printer and going through a setup process through the control panel. The process is simple and can add both wireless and Bluetooth printers. The appropriate printer for a certain operating system is largely a compatibility issue. Many printer suppliers and manufacturers supply information for compatibility of the printer with specific operating systems. In addition, many technology review magazines provide specific information on the best printer models for particular operating systems based on comprehensive tests and

Three- dimensional echocardiography Research Paper

Three- dimensional echocardiography - Research Paper Example   Three-dimensional echocardiography has evolved at a fast rate since it was first used about forty years ago. In its different stages of evolution, the use of three-dimensional echocardiography was at a point reduced to the research side of cardiology and not in the clinical setting. Only until very recently has 3D echocardiography been used by cardiologists, and echocardiographers in hospitals and clinics. Another interesting thing is the fact that transthoracic three-dimension ultrasound has been trumped by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography, especially in the operating room and surgical setting.The development of three-dimensional echocardiography (3D TTE) can be traced back to almost four decades, just a short period after the arrival and development of 2D echocardiography. In the year 1974, at Stanford University, Dekker et al produced the results of their work: A System for Ultrasonically Imaging the human heart in three dimensions.2D images were retrieved ac cording to electrocardiographic and respiratory timing. This data was developed off-line by interpolation, then reconstructed into a three-dimensional image. Using the same off-line interpretation and reconstruction process as 3D TTE, three-dimensional echocardiography was introduced and was first performed in the year 1992. In Comparison to transthoracic echocardiography, the trans-esophageal perspective, as seen by cardiologists and echocardiographers, more often showed superior anatomical detail.  

Input, Output and Storage Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Input, Output and Storage - Case Study Example In addition, the OS should make efficient management of resources for effective handling large volumes of data. Organizations cannot do without networks, which bring special software challenges. For instance, the OS on which servers run put varying load capacities on the memory. For optimal database functionality requiring many read/write processes, access and writing speeds weigh heavily in the decision for the OS. With regard to usability, Windows is arguably the easiest to use for many enterprise applications, particularly in comparison to Linux and Mac OS (FahAd, 2010). However, many malware threats plague the Windows system. Considering the necessity for flexibility, availability, cost of maintenance and upgrade, stability, performance, and backward compatibility, Ms Windows would be the most appropriate operating system for the organization. Linux unfamiliar for many users, and it numerous versions make its use more complicated. A printer can be installed in a number of ways. A local printer can be installed by simply plugging it into the computer, for instance through a USB port, which is called a local printer (Microsoft, 2012). Windows automatically detects an installs the printer which is then available for use. For network printers, the process is more complicated, usually requiring naming the printer and going through a setup process through the control panel. The process is simple and can add both wireless and Bluetooth printers. The appropriate printer for a certain operating system is largely a compatibility issue. Many printer suppliers and manufacturers supply information for compatibility of the printer with specific operating systems. In addition, many technology review magazines provide specific information on the best printer models for particular operating systems based on comprehensive tests and

Compare and contrast Essay Example for Free

Compare and contrast Essay Bodhisattva is a special illumination where the adept is believed to be awakened to minds of greater power. Buddhists believe that in bodhisattva the individual is made to obtain an enlightened thought. This kind of illumination obtained has to originate from the universal mind. Through this the adept receives a divine power that flows in his own body, stimulates his sense receptors to make him enjoy an inward spiritual awakening in his whole body (Robinson and Johnson, pg 271-296). Tantric adept focuses on the use of sound of the goddess in order to bring oneness of body, soul and spirit. This makes the individuals attain the ability to expel emotional pain, self depression and individual despair. Tantra implies the process of having a sense of mythical vibrations and sounds. Buddhism and Hinduism believe that through the worship of the goddess, the tantrans acquire a self realization and awareness. BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Bodhisattva is believed to consider the destruction of an era to be as a result of oneself. Atman is thought to be the case where the individual deserves the punishment and the eventual destruction. In most cases this results in the complete extinction of a generation. Tantric adept on the other hand considers the destruction of an era to emerge from duality. In its expression, it opposes the unity that is believed to lead to the realization of Atman. In Bodhisattva, the main identity is Chimaminda which stands for kali. It describes the victory of the Buddhist as followers of Buddha the goddess (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). Tantric adept on the other hand focuses on chinamasta which Hindus consider to be associated with Kama and Rati. This iconography means the process of copulating bodies. It basically demonstrates the creation and his eventual destruction to be part of the human cycle. Prior to Bodhisattva the adept is expected to receive an element called archetype of Buddha. This is the knowledge that erupts all over suddenly without the individual realizing. This same concept is seen in tantric adept which advocates for self realization. Bodhisattva advocates for an inward awakening of the individuals to know what they did not know (Robinson and Johnson, pg. 130-137). The adept should therefore receive a prior archetype of Buddha. This knowledge acquisition is sudden while Tantric adept advocate for women enrolment in Tantra because of the special place they have in the society. Tantric adept encourages initiations which will allow women spiritual and aspiration desires to come to a fulfillment whereas Bodhisattva perceives men to be more superior to women in all spheres. In both Bodhisattva and tantric adept, chinnamaster are understood through having a prior knowledge of Kundalini yoga, susumna, Ida and Pingala. These are the major four channels of great importance to Buddhism and Hinduism. Having a perception of duality is believed to be caused by the inability of the two channels to enter the susumna when it is closed. When the tantric adept has acquired the knowledge of having a feeling of free blood circulation right from the central part, the individual is said to be self realized. The tantric thus uses the knowledge learnt to untie the knots creating undisrupted flow of energy. Both Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers the goddess head to show destruction of generation (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). The teachings involved in Bodhisattva are hard and quite longer than those of tantric adept. There is only one sudden enlighten at gotra. However this kind of experience lives the adept with wounds of how to master bodhisattva as a way of living. CHARACTERISTICS OF TANTRIC ADEPT All acquired merits are shared which allows an individual to be free from all calamities. Due to this the Buddhist lives together peacefully. Characteristics of prosperity originates from Buddha Worship is done in twenty different ways followed by a dedication for acceptance The Bodhisattva have undergo initiation CHARACTERISTICS OF BODHISATTVA Its basis is on the inward awakening of the individuals It is characterized with an element called archetype Believes in a sudden knowledge acquiring There activity and career are long and hard making enlightens to be above gotra. SPIRITUAL AND SOCIAL GOALS OF THE BODHISATTVA AND THE TANTRIC ADEPT Their spiritual belief is on the worship of goddess called Buddha Spiritually it is recommended for the Hindus and the Buddhists to only take refuge in Budda, dhamna and Sangha. These centers are commonly referred to as the Sarangamana. Spiritually they recommend the recognition of the good deeds of an individual. This is encouraged in the spiritual context of the Buddhist to be a sincere approval of them. The Bodhisattva and Tantric adept considers all its faithful to be ignorant. Buddha therefore has a responsibility to provide guidance to the individuals (De Bary, William, 2003 chapter 1, 2, 3, 4). This is called Yacana according to the Buddha perspective. Spiritually teachings of Buddha are not just meant for an individual. These teachings should be offered to others. This merit is meant to inculcate positively of the persons and is referred to as Parimmana. Spiritually every one who subscribe to this faith is expected to develop bodhisattva. Work cited De Bary, William. The Buddhist Tradition. USA: Random house, Inc. 2003. Robinson and Johnson. Buddhist Religion: A Historical Introduction 4th Ed. USA: Wadsworth publishing Company, 2006. Keith Dowman. Sky Dancer. Nepal, USA: Snow Lion, 1996

Significance of HRM in the travel and tourism sector

Significance of HRM in the travel and tourism sector The purpose of this report is to evaluate the significance of IHRM for the companies within the travel and tourism sector. The report will address this issue with reference to the case of the British Airways Lpc (BA) one of the largest international airlines. The report will begin by outlining the brief overview of BA, its market and current global position. Besides, the significance of culture change within the company will be identified. Furthermore, the hard and soft models of HRM will be critically analysed in the process. The report also will discuss the staffing issues such as recruitment, selection, and training and development for the planned global expansion. The ways in which these issues may need to change will be illustrated through the strategic evaluation. In addition, all figures will be justified and referenced to the appendix. Moreover, the report will outline the appropriate conclusions and recommendations. Company overview, its markets and current global position British Airways Plc (BA) was created in the 1974s after merger between BEA (British European Airways) and BOAC (British Overseas Corporation) (Air flights, 2010). BA is the United Kingdoms major international airline with two main hubs located in Gatwick and Heathrow airports, and the fifth worlds top airline. BA is a recognized brand within airline industry and the success could attribute to its constant global flight expansion and mergers with other global airlines. The merger between Iberia and BA (International Airlines Group) in 2010 is expected to create the third largest European carrier (see Appendix 1). In addition, the merger with AA (American Airlines) in 2008 will expand the company globally on transatlantic flights. These mergers will make stronger the global position of the new company with strong market capitalisation and will be able to complete with rivals such as Lufthansa and KLM-Air France (See Appendix 2) (Datamonitor, 2009; Euromonitor, 2010). BA is a global leader with a network of 550 destinations internationally via code-sharing relationships serves nearly 95 million passengers a year, using 441 airports in 86 countries and approximately 1,000 planes and a world air share of 2.9% (See Appendix 3) (Brave New Talent, 2008-2010; Wikipedia, 2010). BA operates mostly in the EU and US and employs 40,627 people (Datamonitor, 2009). In addition, BA is a part of Oneworld alliance, which serves some 819 destinations worldwide and enables to compete more successfully around the world with other global alliances (Wikipedia, 2010). Since privatisation in 1987, BA has had a sharp success in income and achieved financial independence, while other European airlines were dependent on state support and their US counterparts resorted to bankruptcy protection (Ledwidge, 2007 and BBC, no date). Despite the BAs HR hard times (appendix) and recent global economic recession in 2008/2009 with the global GDP decline from 5.1% in 2007 to 3.1% in 2008 , BA had a net profit of  £8 billion in 2009/2010 that is an increase of 2.7% over FY2008/2009, which improves its stable geographic increase (Datamonitor, 2010). Besides, BA is the worlds first airline to establish a carbon-offset scheme in 2005 to decrease greenhouse gas emissions and to introduce online boarding passes in 2004 (British Airways, no date and AccessMyLibrary, 2007). Despite BA calls itself as The Worlds Favourite Airline it strives to become the worlds most responsible airline (GreenAir, 2007-2010 and Street, 1994). Cultural change and HRM models Culture is very powerful; it influences people and it is vital for managers to understand the employees: what they believe, its customs and traditions, life style and values, beliefs and morals, to understand how people react, and their expectations in the company after the employment. Legge (2005) identifies culture as a set of shared meanings, or taken-for-granted assumptions. According to Alzira and Easerby-Smith (1993), BA was arrogant before its privatization in 1987. BA believed the customers did not know what they wanted. The managers did not involve the staff in decisions, as they wanted to have distance from staff. The priority was safety of aircrafts and technical skills. Even the competition and profitability were not the main idea. The BA organisational culture was bureaucratic, strict, and formal. Thus, the careers developed slowly. Besides, the cost-leadership strategy is applied that leads BA to cut costs through a hard HRM approach and use staff as any other business resource. The staff is being used as cheaply as possible. In contrast, Ledwin (2007) argues that since 1976 till nowadays it was a big cultural change for BA, where the product-centric approach has started to shape into customer-centric approach and the hard model started to adopt the elements of soft developmental humanism or Harvard model, where the core idea are human assets. The differentation strategy would reach the competitve advantage and try to avoid less prone to disruptions and PR blunders. Moreover, it would present a very effective framework for completely integrating HR with the business strategy (Ledwin, 2007). To improve the organisational performance and to achieve the employee commitment BA promoted the motivational culture change programmes in the 1980s.However, its argued if these programmes were successful or not as according to Hopfl (1992, cited in Legge, 2005), these programmes engaged the mind but left hearts untouched. Despite the HR difficulties during the last five years (See Appendix 4), the company has achieved a respect from its employees in a way that helps the company fence the strike actions. In June 2009, BA told its 42,377 staff to work without pay for a month or take unpaid leave to reduce costs. Almost 6,000 non-cabin crew staff helped during the days of industrial action helped the company to run anoperation (Euromonitor, 2010 and Anglotopia, 2010). Staffing approaches BA can apply one of the three staffing approaches (Dowling et al., 2008): Ethnocentric:- The main idea is to manage staff from the home country (PCNs). The company can apply this approach to all its foreign operations, where the staff holds central jobs, and subsidiaries and headquarters follow the home country resource management practice. Polycentric/Regiocentric:- The idea is to develop HR management practices locally. Geocentric/Global:- The purpose is to manage the employees on a worldwide basis, where the company employs staff from diverse countries. 4.1. Ethnocentric and polycentric approaches BA uses mainly the ethnocentric approach: it controls all its operations from London (the locations of the head office) as it understands local culture, the economy language and avoids relocation costs. Regarding to BA job applications, the key management positions are filled by parent company personnel, where the priorities are given to UK nationals. Besides, it hires host country nationals in foreign countries instead of transferring its domestic staff to work. Depend on the staff role, a polycentric or geocentric approach can be recommended. The polycentric approach would be ideal for BA to employ front line staff and cabin crew. The company should consider the cultural as the core competence and hire more people who speak other languages than English and think differently. Along with the cultural change BA needs to ensure the employees understand their role within the marketing progress and overall marketing orientation within the organization. The best staffing approach to hire key management people and pilots is geocentric approach, where the company strives to reach the global expansion by combining the best from headquarters and the subsidiaries. Also, the nationality is ignored in favor of ability. BA could promote promote diversity, inclusion, and equality of opportunity in employment regardless of sex, marital or civil partnership status, gender reassignment, race, colour, nationality, ethnic or national origins, sexual orientation, disability, religion or belief, political affiliation and age (British Airways, no date). Staffing issues The organisations stage of growth characterises with the integration of business strategy with HRM policies such as training development, appraisal and recruitment and selection. Recruitment is mailny linked to proactive attitude of employees, where training and development has to do with formal or informal education, enabling the staff to know inside out of the organisational mission and its products, thus leading to the quality service. 5.1Recruitment and selection Effectiveness in recruitment and selection is vital as it avoids poor work performance, unacceptable conduct, internal disagreement, low morale and job satisfaction and dysfunctional labour turnover. In addition, luck of management quality and teamwork, and employee motivation and communication can lead to loss of customers, loss of organisation, and loss of life. Recruitment seeks to attract best technical professional talent and then manage rapid internal labour market movements (Legge, 2005:142). BA also tends to attract the most talented people, then assess and appoint a suitable candidate (Appelbaum and Brenda, 2002; Pilbeam and Corbridge, 2006). For example, the pilots employment issues had been based just on flying and technical skills before 1987. Nowadays, BA considers the pilots can work well in a crew situation. Interpersonal skills are appearing as crucial achievement factors for pilot performance and safety. In addition, it cares about quality frontline people as well. G ood (1999, cited by Appelbaum and Brenda, 2002), stresses the point that the single most reliable predictor of overall excellence is the ability to attract and hold on to talented employees. The success is dependent upon the ongoing hard work, attitudes, and dedication of its staff. Thus, to expand globally and to achieve the companys long-term success BA should look not only at education related skills but also at staff attitude within the company, as skills can be trained but attitudes cannot be changed (Milmo, 2010 and Horn and Barkin, 1998). 5.2Appraisal, training, development The globalisation of markets leads to emergence of multinational companies, operating on a worldwide basis. Good training enables the employees to perform their current and future roles effectively as, both organisations and their employees benefit (Beardwell and Claydon, 2006). To achieve a high value added services the staff should be well educated, trained, and committed. To increase competence and go high-class with high quality the company should consider the staff as the most valued resource and do investment in the core workforce. The accent is to include employee loyalty and reliance, internal labour market structures with promotion ladders and skill training. The individualistic approach should be applied to reach the quality and competitive advantage (Legge, 2005). If the quality of service depends on the quality of the employee, the company should look on the society and organisations commitment to developing skills appropriate to a national economic policy and organisational corporate objectives (Legge, 2005). BA committed to customer care programmes and has had many motivational staff programmes for both existing and newly recruited staff since 1987, that at very least heightened employee awareness of quality issues. The programmes such as Putting the Customer First,Putting People First, Customer First teams, Managing People First, A Day in the Life, To be the Best and Winning for Customers . In addition, to promote the values of customer services BA launched the re-educative online-learning programs for cabin crew how to teach in-flight sales system. Besides, BA tried to develop a self-direct learning that motivates and develops its staff not only professionally but personally (Ledwidge, 2007). Conclusion The report began with a brief nature of British Airways, overview of its markets and current global position. It analysed the cultural change within the company and evaluated the HRM models. BA has had a big cultural change since 1987, where the company changed the product-centric approach to a customer-centric approach. The hard model need to adopt elements from the soft developmental humanism model, where the company would realize the importance of integrating HR policies with business objectives involving treating employees as valued assets, as the success depends on securing commitment from people, not controlling them. It should keep adopting the soft model to avoid losses of customers and the bankruptcy and to keep its brand. Over the past decade or so, British Airways has evolved from a loss making, state-owned national carrier into a customer focused, publicly listed and consistently profitable airline. However, cultural change and nowadays change require modification in top management values to make the change successful. To improve the organisational performance and keep the company expand globally BA need to keep these recent changes. Furthermore, the report addresses the issue of staffing approaches such as ethnocentric, polycentric, and geocentric approaches. Despite BA uses the ethnocentric approach, the recommendation are to develop polycentric approach for front line and cabin crew and apply a geocentric approach for pilots and key management staff. The final parts of the report examined the staffing issues such as recruitment and selection, appraisal, training and development. BA should look not only at education related skills but also at staff attitude within the company, as skills can be trained but attitudes cannot be changed. In addition, BA should motivate and develop its staff not only professionally but personally by creating the training centres where staff could learn the sense of humour, ability to work with others and friendliness. Moreover, the new industrial relations backgrounds should be developed as no-strike clauses, acceptance of flexible working, its support for direct employee involvement, staff status and employee development Recommendations According to the mentioned above issues, there is more research should be done regarding to staffing approaches and staffing issues to help expand company globally. The need of change should be analyzed and evaluated deeper. HRM Michigan and Harvard models issues should be more critically discussed. Word count: 2193 word

M.C. Escher :: essays research papers

The Dutch artist Maurits C. Escher (1898-1972) was a draftsman, book illustrator, tapestry designer, and muralist, but his primary work was as a printmaker. Born in Leeuwarden, Holland, the son of a civil engineer, Escher spent most of his childhood in Arnhem. Aspiring to be an architect, Escher enrolled in the School for Architecture and Decorative Arts in Harlem. While studying there from 1919 to 1922, his emphasis shifted from architecture to drawing and printmaking upon the encouragement of his teacher Samuel Jessurun de Mesquita. In 1924 Escher married Jetta Umiker, and the couple settled in Rome to raise a family. They resided in Italy until 1935, when growing political turmoil forced them to move first to Switzerland, then to Belgium. In 1941, with World War II under way and German troops occupying Brussels, Escher returned to Holland and settled in Baarn, where he lived and worked until shortly before his death. The main subjects of Escher's early art are Rome and the Italian countryside. While living in Italy from 1922 to 1935, he spent the spring and summer months traveling throughout the country to make drawings. Later, in his studio in Rome, Escher developed these into prints. Whether depicting the winding roads of the Italian countryside, the dense architecture of small hillside towns, or details of massive buildings in Rome, Escher often created enigmatic spatial effects by combining various -- often conflicting -- vantage points, for instance, looking up and down at the same time. He frequently made such effects more dramatic through his treatment of light, using vivid contrasts of black and white. After Escher left Italy in 1935, his interest shifted from landscape to something he described as "mental imagery," often based on theoretical premises. The lavish tile work adorning the Moorish architecture suggested new directions in the use of color and the flattened patterning of interlocking forms. Replacing the abstract patterns of Moorish tiles with recognizable figures, in the late 1930s Escher developed "the regular division of the plane." The artist also used this concept in creating his Metamorphosis prints. Starting in the 1920s, the idea of "metamorphosis" -- one shape or object turning into something completely different -- became one of Escher's favorite themes. After 1935, Escher also increasingly explored complex architectural mazes involving perspective games and the representation of impossible spaces.

Deformed Digital Evolution Essay -- Technology Technological Papers

Deformed Digital Evolution Modernist visual form has substantially influenced the digital world; however, the digital world of today has been more prominently influenced by the sequential technological growth and the ever-changing aesthetic tastes of our diverse society. These conditions can further be described as mankind’s drive for efficiency and the contrasting effects of people desiring to be different or to stand out. In this essay, an attempt is made to show how the accomplishments of the late Victorian era, regardless of how closely their lineages seem to be linked, are themselves simply steps in the timeline of progress and are really invalid to use as the true â€Å"producer† of the modern digital world. The time period in and around the beginning of the twentieth century, according to Manovich, was the greatest time of pioneering and cultivating new techniques. Looking retroactively on the 1920’s from the viewpoint of today we realize that the key artistic innovations of the 1920s were all done in relation to what was then the â€Å"new media†: photography, film, new architectural and new printing technologies At the time, these were truly new media and groundbreaking techniques; additional terminology had to be developed in order to efficiently use and refer to them. The â€Å"new media† and its divisions were all obviously visually oriented. Manovich continues his discussion with referrals to the techniques and artful achievement that followed in the wake of the â€Å"new media† mentioned above. These â€Å"key modern visual communication techniques†1 included â€Å"photo and film montage, collage, classical film language, surrealism, the use of sex appeal in advertisements, modern graphic design, and modern typography.†1 ... ...ld that be reasonable? Continuing on with the evolutional tracking of the computer, we can restate the fact that the keyboard was bred from the invention of the typewriter. The typewriter itself can even be traced back to its origin, the printing press. In the end, almost every link in the evolutionary ladder of today’s digital world can be expressed as an adaptation or modification of the forerunning products. Though it is with reasonably considerable measures that Manovich makes all of his connections of the digital world as it applied to constructivist times, it is truly beyond anyone’s ability to figure out what the construction of the modern digital world is the product of. Far too many people have had their say in its creation. How many of those involved felt as though they were copying the Soviet Constructivist techniques and applying them to today?